Cats are naturally fastidious, so a clean, accessible box usually does the teaching. One box per cat, plus one extra, placed in quiet, low-traffic spots.
Size and substrate matter: most cats prefer an uncovered box large enough to turn around in, with unscented, clumping litter about 2-3 cm deep.
If a cat eliminates outside the box, rule out medical causes first — urinary tract issues are common and urgent in cats.
Location and cleanliness are the top behavioral fixes. Move the box away from the feeder, scoop daily, and wash the box weekly with unscented soap.
Never punish accidents; it increases anxiety and worsens avoidance. Reward use of the box and reset the environment instead.
